### On the Security of the Free-XOR Technique

Seung Geol Choi, Jonathan Katz, Ranjit Kumaresan, and Hong-Sheng Zhou

##### Abstract

Yao's garbled-circuit approach enables constant-round secure two-party computation for any boolean circuit. In Yao's original construction, each gate in the circuit requires the parties to perform a constant number of encryptions/decryptions, and to send/receive a constant number of ciphertexts. Kolesnikov and Schneider (ICALP 2008) proposed an improvement that allows XOR gates in the circuit to be evaluated for free'', i.e., incurring no cryptographic operations and zero communication. Their free-XOR'' technique has proven very popular, and has been shown to improve performance of garbled-circuit protocols by up to a factor of~4. Kolesnikov and Schneider proved security of their approach in the random oracle model, and claimed that (an unspecified variant of) correlation robustness would suffice; this claim has been repeated in subsequent work, and similar ideas have since been used (with the same claim about correlation robustness) in other contexts. We show that, in fact, the free-XOR technique cannot be proven secure based on correlation robustness alone: somewhat surprisingly, some form of circular security is also required. We propose an appropriate notion of security for hash functions capturing the necessary requirements, and prove security of the free-XOR approach when instantiated with any hash function satisfying our definition. Our results do not impact the security of the free-XOR technique in practice, or imply an error in the free-XOR work, but instead pin down the assumptions needed to prove security.

Available format(s)
Category
Cryptographic protocols
Publication info
Published elsewhere. Unknown where it was published
Contact author(s)
jkatz @ cs umd edu
History
2011-10-05: revised
See all versions
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2011/510

CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2011/510,
author = {Seung Geol Choi and Jonathan Katz and Ranjit Kumaresan and Hong-Sheng Zhou},
title = {On the Security of the Free-XOR Technique},
howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2011/510},
year = {2011},
note = {\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/510}},
url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/510}
}

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