Paper 2026/2666

Efficient SIMD SHAKE through Cost-Aware Permutation Scheduling

Abstract

Lattice-based cryptography uses SHAKE to expand seeds into byte strings for matrix generation and sampling. SIMD Keccak implementations process multiple hash streams in parallel. Differences in stream lengths and input dependencies can prevent full SIMD utilization. We present a cost-aware method for scheduling Keccak permutations across hash streams during a single execution of a cryptographic algorithm. The method groups ready streams and divides long streams into segments for regrouping. A model of permutation calls, state movement, initialization, and input preparation guides the selection of stream groups, segment lengths, and state placements. We evaluate ML-KEM and HAETAE on an Apple M5, a Cortex-A72, and an Intel Core i5-11500, using Keccak kernels that process two, four, or eight streams per call. ML-KEM achieves speedups of up to $1.31\times$ for encapsulation and $1.44\times$ for decapsulation, while HAETAE achieves up to $1.28\times$ for signing and $1.26\times$ for verification.