Energy Consumption Framework and Analysis of Post-Quantum Key-Generation on Embedded Devices

J Cameron Patterson; William J Buchanan; Callum Turino

Paper 2025/909

Energy Consumption Framework and Analysis of Post-Quantum Key-Generation on Embedded Devices

J Cameron Patterson, Edinburgh Napier University

William J Buchanan

, Edinburgh Napier University

Callum Turino, Edinburgh Napier University

Abstract

The emergence of quantum computing and Shor's algorithm necessitates an imminent shift from current public key cryptography techniques to post-quantum robust techniques. NIST has responded by standardising Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms, with ML-KEM (FIPS-203) slated to replace ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman) for key exchange. A key practical concern for PQC adoption is energy consumption. This paper introduces a new framework for measuring the PQC energy consumption on a Raspberry Pi when performing key generation. The framework uses both available traditional methods and the newly standardised ML-KEM algorithm via the commonly utilised OpenSSL library.

Metadata

Available format(s): PDF
Category: Applications
Publication info: Preprint.
Keywords: PQC Energy consumption ML-KEM OpenSSL
Contact author(s): 40737187 @ live napier ac uk
b buchanan @ napier ac uk
c turino @ napier ac uk
History: 2025-05-22: approved; 2025-05-21: received; See all versions
Short URL: https://ia.cr/2025/909
License: CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2025/909,
      author = {J Cameron Patterson and William J Buchanan and Callum Turino},
      title = {Energy Consumption Framework and Analysis of Post-Quantum Key-Generation on Embedded Devices},
      howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2025/909},
      year = {2025},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/909}
}