Paper 2025/527

SoK: Fully-homomorphic encryption in smart contracts

Daniel Aronoff, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Adithya Bhat, Visa (United States)
Panagiotis Chatzigiannis, Visa (United States)
Mohsen Minaei, Visa (United States)
Srinivasan Raghuraman, Visa (United States), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Robert M. Townsend, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Nicolas Xuan-Yi Zhang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Abstract

Blockchain technology and smart contracts have revolutionized digital transactions by enabling trustless and decentralized exchanges of value. However, the inherent transparency and immutability of blockchains pose significant privacy challenges. On-chain data, while pseudonymous, is publicly visible and permanently recorded, potentially leading to the inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information. This issue is particularly pronounced in smart contract applications, where contract details are accessible to all network participants, risking the exposure of identities and transactional details. To address these privacy concerns, there is a pressing need for privacy-preserving mechanisms in smart contracts. To showcase this need even further, in our paper we bring forward advanced use-cases in economics which only smart contracts equipped with privacy mechanisms can realize, and show how fully-homomorphic encryption (FHE) as a privacy enhancing technology (PET) in smart contracts, operating on a public blockchain, can make possible the implementation of these use-cases. Furthermore, we perform a comprehensive systematization of FHE-based approaches in smart contracts, examining their potential to maintain the confidentiality of sensitive information while retaining the benefits of smart contracts, such as automation, decentralization, and security. After we evaluate these existing FHE solutions in the context of the use-cases we consider, we identify open problems, and suggest future research directions to enhance privacy in blockchain smart contracts.

Metadata
Available format(s)
PDF
Category
Applications
Publication info
Preprint.
Keywords
smart contractsfully homomorphic encryptionprivacy
Contact author(s)
daronoff @ mit edu
aditbhat @ visa com
pchatzig @ visa com
mominaei @ visa com
srraghur @ visa com
rtownsen @ mit edu
nxyzhang @ mit edu
History
2025-03-23: approved
2025-03-21: received
See all versions
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2025/527
License
Creative Commons Attribution
CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2025/527,
      author = {Daniel Aronoff and Adithya Bhat and Panagiotis Chatzigiannis and Mohsen Minaei and Srinivasan Raghuraman and Robert M. Townsend and Nicolas Xuan-Yi Zhang},
      title = {{SoK}: Fully-homomorphic encryption in smart contracts},
      howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2025/527},
      year = {2025},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/527}
}
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