Paper 2025/2165

Extending and Accelerating Inner Product Masking with Fault Detection via Instruction Set Extension

Abstract

Inner product masking is a well-studied masking countermeasure against side-channel attacks. IPM-FD further extends the IPM scheme with fault detection capabilities. However, implementing IPM-FD in software especially on embedded devices results in high computational overhead. Therefore, in this work we perform a detailed analysis of all building blocks for IPM-FD scheme and propose a Masked Processing Unit to accelerate all operations, for example multiplication and IPM-FD specific Homogenization. We can then offload these computational extensive operations with dedicated hardware support. With only $4.05\%$ and $4.01\%$ increase in Look-Up Tables and Flip-Flops (Random Number Generator excluded), respectively, compared with baseline CV32E40p RISC-V core, we can achieve up to $16.55\times$ speed-up factor with optimal configuration. We then practically evaluate the side-channel security via uni- and bivariate Test Vector Leakage Assessment which exhibits no leakage. Finally, we use two different methods to simulate the injected fault and confirm the fault detection capability of up to $k-1$ faults, with $k$ being the replication factor.

Note: This is the version submitted to DATE 2026, which has been accepted without modification.