SoK: Blockchain Consensus in the Quantum Age

Aleck Nash; Christian Eduardo Terron Garcia; Henry Chimal-Dzul; Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

Paper 2025/1564

SoK: Blockchain Consensus in the Quantum Age

Aleck Nash

, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Christian Eduardo Terron Garcia

, Texas A&M University – San Antonio

Henry Chimal-Dzul

, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Abstract

Consensus protocols are an important building block in blockchain and blockchain-based systems. The recent focus in developing practical quantum computers reinforces the importance of designing quantum-resistant cryptographic protocols, and in the context of this paper quantum-resistant consensus protocols. In this paper, we systematically review the extant literature on quantum-resistant consensus protocols published between 2019 and 2024. As part of the review, we identify a number of limitations and challenges and discuss potential future research directions.

Note: Conference publication: ASIACCS 2025 - The 7th ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure (BSCI ’25), Hanoi, Vietnam, August 2025.

Metadata

Available format(s): PDF
Category: Cryptographic protocols
Publication info: Published elsewhere. ACM BSCI ’25
DOI: 10.1145/3709016.3737798
Keywords: Consensus Protocol Post-Quantum Cryptography Lattice-based Cryptography Multivariate Cryptography
Contact author(s): aleck nash @ my utsa edu
ChristianEduardo TerronGarcia @ my utsa edu
henry chimal-dzul @ utsa edu
raymond choo @ fulbrightmail org
History: 2025-09-03: approved; 2025-09-01: received; See all versions
Short URL: https://ia.cr/2025/1564
License: CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2025/1564,
      author = {Aleck Nash and Christian Eduardo Terron Garcia and Henry Chimal-Dzul and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo},
      title = {{SoK}: Blockchain Consensus in the Quantum Age},
      howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2025/1564},
      year = {2025},
      doi = {10.1145/3709016.3737798},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/1564}
}