Paper 2022/1102

Proofs of Quantumness from Trapdoor Permutations

Tomoyuki Morimae, Kyoto University
Takashi Yamakawa, NTT (Japan)
Abstract

Assume that Alice can do only classical probabilistic polynomial-time computing while Bob can do quantum polynomial-time computing. Alice and Bob communicate over only classical channels, and finally Bob gets a state $|x_0\rangle+|x_1\rangle$ with some bit strings $x_0$ and $x_1$. Is it possible that Alice can know $\{x_0,x_1\}$ but Bob cannot? Such a task, called {\it remote state preparations}, is indeed possible under some complexity assumptions, and is bases of many quantum cryptographic primitives such as proofs of quantumness, (classical-client) blind quantum computing, (classical) verifications of quantum computing, and quantum money. A typical technique to realize remote state preparations is to use 2-to-1 trapdoor collision resistant hash functions: Alice sends a 2-to-1 trapdoor collision resistant hash function $f$ to Bob, and Bob evaluates it coherently, i.e., Bob generates $\sum_x|x\rangle|f(x)\rangle$. Bob measures the second register to get the measurement result $y$, and sends $y$ to Alice. Bob's post-measurement state is $|x_0\rangle+|x_1\rangle$, where $f(x_0)=f(x_1)=y$. With the trapdoor, Alice can learn $\{x_0,x_1\}$ from $y$, but due to the collision resistance, Bob cannot. This Alice's advantage can be leveraged to realize the quantum cryptographic primitives listed above. It seems that the collision resistance is essential here. In this paper, surprisingly, we show that the collision resistance is not necessary for a restricted case: we show that (non-verifiable) remote state preparations of $|x_0\rangle+|x_1\rangle$ secure against {\it classical} probabilistic polynomial-time Bob can be constructed from classically-secure (full-domain) trapdoor permutations. Trapdoor permutations are not likely to imply the collision resistance, because black-box reductions from collision-resistant hash functions to trapdoor permutations are known to be impossible. As an application of our result, we construct proofs of quantumness from classically-secure (full-domain) trapdoor permutations.

Metadata
Available format(s)
PDF
Category
Foundations
Publication info
Preprint.
Keywords
proofs of quantumness remote state preparations trapdoor permutations
Contact author(s)
tomoyuki morimae @ yukawa kyoto-u ac jp
takashi yamakawa ga @ hco ntt co jp
History
2022-08-29: approved
2022-08-26: received
See all versions
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2022/1102
License
Creative Commons Attribution
CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2022/1102,
      author = {Tomoyuki Morimae and Takashi Yamakawa},
      title = {Proofs of Quantumness from Trapdoor Permutations},
      howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2022/1102},
      year = {2022},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1102}
}
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