HPKA: A High-Performance CRYSTALS-Kyber Accelerator Exploring Efficient Pipelining

Ziying Ni; Ayesha Khalid; Dur-e-Shahwar Kundi; Máire O’Neill; Weiqiang Liu

Paper 2022/1093

HPKA: A High-Performance CRYSTALS-Kyber Accelerator Exploring Efficient Pipelining

Ziying Ni

, The Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queens University Belfast, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Ayesha Khalid

, The Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queens University Belfast

Dur-e-Shahwar Kundi

, PQShield

Máire O’Neill

, The Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queens University Belfast

Weiqiang Liu

, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Abstract

CRYSTALS-Kyber (Kyber) was recently chosen as the first quantum resistant Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) scheme for standardisation, after three rounds of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated PQC competition which begin in 2016 and search of the best quantum resistant KEMs and digital signatures. Kyber is based on the Module-Learning with Errors (M-LWE) class of Lattice-based Cryptography, that is known to manifest efficiently on FPGAs. This work explores several architectural optimizations and proposes a high-performance and area-time (AT) product efficient hardware accelerator for Kyber. The proposed architectural optimizations include inter-module and intra-module pipelining, that are designed and balanced via FIFO based buffering to ensure maximum parallelisation. The implementation results show that compared to state-of-the-art designs, the proposed architecture delivers 25-51% speedups for Kyber's three different security levels on Artix-7 and Zynq UltraScale+ devices, and a 50-75\% reduction in DSPs at comparable security level. Consequently, the proposed design achieve higher AT product efficiencies of 19-33%.

Metadata

Available format(s): PDF
Category: Implementation
Publication info: Published elsewhere. IEEE Transactions on Computers
DOI: 10.1109/TC.2023.3296899
Keywords: Post-quantum Cryptography (PQC)Lattice-based Cryptography (LBC)CRYSTALS-KYBER Hardware accelerator
Contact author(s): zni03 @ qub ac uk
a khalid @ qub ac uk
dur-eshahwar kundi @ pqshield com
m oneill @ ecit qub ac uk
liuweiqiang @ nuaa edu cn
History: 2023-07-25: last of 2 revisions; 2022-08-23: received; See all versions
Short URL: https://ia.cr/2022/1093
License: CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2022/1093,
      author = {Ziying Ni and Ayesha Khalid and Dur-e-Shahwar Kundi and Máire O’Neill and Weiqiang Liu},
      title = {HPKA: A High-Performance CRYSTALS-Kyber Accelerator Exploring Efficient Pipelining},
      howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2022/1093},
      year = {2022},
      doi = {10.1109/TC.2023.3296899},
      note = {\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1093}},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1093}
}