### On Interactive Oracle Proofs for Boolean R1CS Statements

Ignacio Cascudo and Emanuele Giunta

##### Abstract

The framework of interactive oracle proofs (IOP) has been used with great success to construct a number of efficient transparent zk-SNARKs in recent years. However, these constructions are based on Reed-Solomon codes and can only be applied directly to statements given in the form of arithmetic circuits or R1CS over large fields $\mathbb{F}$ since their soundness error is at least $1/|\mathbb{F}|$. This motivates the question of what is the best way to apply these IOPs to statements that are naturally written as R1CS over small fields, and more concretely, the binary field $\mathbb{F}_2$. While one can just see the system as one over an extension field $\mathbb{F}_{2^e}$ containing $\mathbb{F}_2$, this seems wasteful, as it uses $e$ bits to encode just one information'' bit. In fact, the recent BooLigero has devised a way to apply the well-known Ligero while being able to encode $\sqrt{e}$ bits into one element of $\mathbb{F}_{2^e}$. In this paper, we introduce a new protocol for $\mathbb{F}_2$-R1CS which among other things relies on a more efficient embedding which (for practical parameters) allows to encode $\geq e/4$ bits into an element of $\mathbb{F}_{2^e}$. Our protocol makes then black box use of lincheck and rowcheck protocols for the larger field. Using the lincheck and rowcheck introduced in Aurora and Ligero respectively we obtain $1.31 - 1.65 \times$ smaller proofs for Aurora and $3.71 \times$ for Ligero. We also estimate the reduction of prover time by a factor of $24.7 \times$ for Aurora and between $6.9 - 32.5 \times$ for Ligero without interactive repetitions. Our methodology uses the notion of reverse multiplication friendly embeddings introduced in the area of secure multiparty computation, combined with a new IOPP to test linear statements modulo a subspace $V \leq \mathbb{F}_{2^e}$ which may be of independent interest.

Available format(s)
Category
Cryptographic protocols
Publication info
Preprint. MINOR revision.
Keywords
zero-knowledgeInteractive oracle proofR1CSreverse multiplication friendly embedding
Contact author(s)
ignacio cascudo @ imdea org
emanuele giunta @ imdea org
History
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2021/694

CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2021/694,
author = {Ignacio Cascudo and Emanuele Giunta},
title = {On Interactive Oracle Proofs for Boolean R1CS Statements},
howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2021/694},
year = {2021},
note = {\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/694}},
url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/694}
}

Note: In order to protect the privacy of readers, eprint.iacr.org does not use cookies or embedded third party content.