## Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2021/1458

QC-MDPC codes DFR and the IND-CCA security of BIKE

Valentin Vasseur

Abstract: The aim of this document is to clarify the DFR (Decoding Failure Rate) claims made for BIKE, a third round alternate candidate KEM (Key Encapsulation Mechanism) to the NIST call for post-quantum cryptography standardization. For the most part, the material presented here is not new, it is extracted from the relevant scientific literature, in particular [V21].

Even though a negligible DFR is not needed for a KEM using ephemeral keys (e.g. TLS) which only requires IND-CPA security, it seems that IND-CCA security, relevant for reusable/static keys, has become a requirement. Therefore, a negligible DFR is needed both for the security reduction [FO99, HHK17] and to thwart existing attacks [GJS16].

Proving a DFR lower than $2^{-\lambda}$ where $\lambda$ is the security parameter (e.g. $\lambda=128$ or $256$) is hardly possible with mere simulation. Instead a methodology based on modelization, simulation, and extrapolation with confidence estimate was devised [V21]. Models are backed up by theoretical results [T18,SV19], but do not account for some combinatorial properties of the underlying error correcting code. Those combinatorial properties give rise to what is known in telecommunication as "error floors" [R03].

The statistical modeling predicts a fast decrease of the DFR as the block size grows, the waterfall region, whereas the combinatorial properties, weak keys [DGK19] or near-codewords [V21], predict a slower decrease, the error floor region. The issue here is to show that the error floor occurs in a region where the DFR is already below the security requirement. This would validate the extrapolation approach, and, as far as we can say, this appears to be the case for the QC-MDPC codes corresponding to BIKE parameters.

The impact of the QC-MDPC code combinatorial properties on decoding, as reported in this document, is better and better understood. In particular, it strongly relates with the spectrum of low weight vectors, as defined in [GJS16]. At this point, none of the results we are aware of and which are presented here contradict in any way the DFR claims made for BIKE. Admittedly those claims remain heuristic in part, but could be understood as an additional assumption, just like the computational assumptions made for all similar primitives, under which the BIKE scheme is IND-CCA secure.

Category / Keywords: public-key cryptography / code-based cryptography, QC-MDPC codes, BIKE, bit-flipping algorithm, weak keys, error floor