### Lightweight Iterative MDS Matrices: How Small Can We Go?

Shun Li, Siwei Sun, Danping Shi, Chaoyun Li, and Lei Hu

##### Abstract

As perfect building blocks for the diffusion layers of many symmetric-key primitives, the construction of MDS matrices with light-weight circuits has received much attention from the symmetric-key community. One promising way of realizing low-cost MDS matrices is based on the iterative construction: a low-cost matrix becomes MDS after rising it to a certain power. To be more specific, if $A^t$ is MDS, then one can implement $A$ instead of $A^t$ to achieve the MDS property at the expense of an increased latency with $t$ clock cycles. In this work, we identify the exact lower bound of the number of nonzero blocks for a $4 \times 4$ block matrix to be potentially iterative-MDS. Subsequently, we show that the theoretically lightest $4 \times 4$ iterative MDS block matrix (whose entries or blocks are $4 \times 4$ binary matrices) with minimal nonzero blocks costs at least 3 XOR gates, and a concrete example achieving the 3-XOR bound is provided. Moreover, we prove that there is no hope for previous constructions (GFS, LFS, DSI, and spares DSI) to beat this bound. Since the circuit latency is another important factor, we also consider the lower bound of the number of iterations for certain iterative MDS matrices. Guided by these bounds and based on the ideas employed to identify them, we explore the design space of lightweight iterative MDS matrices with other dimensions and report on improved results. Whenever we are unable to find better results, we try to determine the bound of the optimal solution. As a result, the optimality of some previous results is proved.

Available format(s)
Category
Secret-key cryptography
Publication info
Keywords
Lightweight cryptographyMDS matrixIterative constructionsShortest linear program (SLP)Latency
Contact author(s)
lishun @ iie ac cn
sunsiwei @ iie ac cn
chaoyun li @ esat kuleuven be
shidanping @ iie ac cn
hulei @ iie ac cn
History
2019-11-17: revised
See all versions
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2019/1310

CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2019/1310,
author = {Shun Li and Siwei Sun and Danping Shi and Chaoyun Li and Lei Hu},
title = {Lightweight Iterative MDS Matrices: How Small Can We Go?},
howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2019/1310},
year = {2019},
note = {\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1310}},
url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1310}
}

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