Paper 2017/516

Characterizations of the differential uniformity of vectorial functions by the Walsh transform

Claude Carlet

Abstract

For every positive integers $n$, $m$ and every even positive integer $\delta$, we derive inequalities satisfied by the Walsh transforms of all vectorial $(n,m)$-functions and prove that the case of equality characterizes differential $\delta$-uniformity. This provides a generalization to all differentially $\delta$-uniform functions of the characterization of APN $(n,n)$-functions due to Chabaud and Vaudenay, by means of the fourth moment of the Walsh transform. Such generalization has been missing since the introduction of the notion of differential uniformity by Nyberg in 1994 and since Chabaud-Vaudenay's result the same year.\\ For each even $\delta\geq 2$, we find several such characterizations. In particular, when $\delta=2$ and $\delta=4$, we have that, for any $(n,n)$-function (resp. any $(n,n-1)$-function), the arithmetic mean of $W_F^2(u_1,v_1)W_F^2(u_2,v_2)W_F^2(u_1+u_2,v_1+v_2)$ when $u_1,u_2$ range independently over ${\Bbb F}_2^n$ and $v_1,v_2$ are nonzero and distinct and range independently over ${\Bbb F}_2^m$, is at least $2^{3n}$, and that $F$ is APN (resp. is differentially 4-uniform) if and only if this arithmetic mean equals $2^{3n}$ (which is the value we would get with a bent function if such function could exist). These inequalities give more knowledge on the Walsh spectrum of $(n,m)$-functions. We deduce in particular a property of the Walsh support of highly nonlinear functions. We also consider the completely open question of knowing if the nonlinearity of APN functions is necessarily non-weak (as it is the case for known APN functions); we prove new lower bounds which cover all power APN functions (and hence a large part of known APN functions), which explain why their nonlinearities are rather good, and we discuss the question of the nonlinearity of APN quadratic functions (since almost all other known APN functions are quadratic).

Metadata
Available format(s)
PDF
Category
Secret-key cryptography
Publication info
Preprint. MINOR revision.
Contact author(s)
claude carlet @ gmail com
History
2017-06-05: revised
2017-06-05: received
See all versions
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2017/516
License
Creative Commons Attribution
CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2017/516,
      author = {Claude Carlet},
      title = {Characterizations of the differential uniformity of vectorial functions by the Walsh transform},
      howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2017/516},
      year = {2017},
      note = {\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/516}},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/516}
}
Note: In order to protect the privacy of readers, eprint.iacr.org does not use cookies or embedded third party content.