Paper 2012/729

On the Impossibility of Approximate Obfuscation and Applications to Resettable Cryptography

Nir Bitansky and Omer Paneth

Abstract

The traditional notion of {\em program obfuscation} requires that an obfuscation $\tilde{f}$ of a program $f$ computes the exact same function as $f$, but beyond that, the code of $\tilde{f}$ should not leak any information about $f$. This strong notion of {\em virtual black-box} security was shown by Barak et al. (CRYPTO 2001) to be impossible to achieve, for certain {\em unobfuscatable function families}. The same work raised the question of {\em approximate obfuscation}, where the obfuscated $\tilde{f}$ is only required to approximate $\tilde{f}$; that is, $\tilde{f}$ only agrees with $f$ on some input distribution. We show that, assuming {\em trapdoor permutations}, there exist families of {\em robust unobfuscatable functions} for which even approximate obfuscation is impossible. That is, obfuscation is impossible even if the obfuscated $\tilde{f}$ only agrees with $f$ with probability slightly more than $\frac{1}{2}$, on a uniformly sampled input (below $\frac{1}{2}$-agreement, the function obfuscated by $\tilde{f}$ is not uniquely defined). Additionally, we show that, assuming only one-way functions, we can rule out approximate obfuscation where $\tilde{f}$ is not allowed to err, but may refuse to compute $f$ with probability close to $1$. We then demonstrate the power of robust unobfuscatable functions by exhibiting new implications to resettable protocols that so far have been out of our reach. Concretely, we obtain a new non-black-box simulation technique that reduces the assumptions required for resettably-sound zero-knowledge protocols to {\em one-way functions}, as well as reduce round-complexity. We also present a new simplified construction of simultaneously resettable zero-knowledge protocols that does not rely on collision-resistent hashing. Finally, we construct a three-message simultaneously resettable $\WI$ {\em argument of knowledge} (with a non-black-box knowledge extractor). Our constructions are based on a special kind of ``resettable slots" that are useful for a non-black-box simulator, but not for a resetting prover.

Metadata
Available format(s)
PDF
Category
Foundations
Publication info
Published elsewhere. Unknown status
Keywords
obfuscationresettable protocolsnon-black-boxzero-knowledge
Contact author(s)
nirbitan @ tau ac il
omer @ bu edu
History
2015-04-23: last of 6 revisions
2013-01-01: received
See all versions
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2012/729
License
Creative Commons Attribution
CC BY

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2012/729,
      author = {Nir Bitansky and Omer Paneth},
      title = {On the Impossibility of Approximate Obfuscation and Applications to Resettable Cryptography},
      howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2012/729},
      year = {2012},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/729}
}
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