Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2008/152

Computational soundness of symbolic zero-knowledge proofs

Michael Backes and Dominique Unruh

Abstract: The abstraction of cryptographic operations by term algebras, called Dolev-Yao models, is essential in almost all tool-supported methods for proving security protocols. Recently significant progress was made in proving that Dolev-Yao models offering the core cryptographic operations such as encryption and digital signatures can be sound with respect to actual cryptographic realizations and security definitions. Recent work, however, has started to extend Dolev-Yao models to more sophisticated operations with unique security features. Zero-knowledge proofs arguably constitute the most amazing such extension.

In this paper, we first identify which additional properties a cryptographic (non-interactive) zero-knowledge proof needs to fulfill in order to serve as a computationally sound implementation of symbolic (Dolev-Yao style) zero-knowledge proofs; this leads to the novel definition of a symbolically-sound zero-knowledge proof system. We prove that even in the presence of arbitrary active adversaries, such proof systems constitute computationally sound implementations of symbolic zero-knowledge proofs. This yields the first computational soundness result for symbolic zero-knowledge proofs and the first such result against fully active adversaries of Dolev-Yao models that go beyond the core cryptographic operations.

Category / Keywords: foundations / Computational soundness, formal methods, zero knowledge

Publication Info: A short version appears at CSF 2008

Date: received 4 Apr 2008, last revised 10 Sep 2009

Contact author: unruh at mmci uni-saarland de

Available format(s): PDF | BibTeX Citation

Note: 2008-04-08: Original version

2008-04-17: Minor corrections

2008-06-24: The definition of symbolically-sound zero-knowledge was missing a condition: length-regularity. This revision adds that condition.

2008-09-10: Complete overhaul. Strongly extended proofs.

Version: 20090910:162926 (All versions of this report)

Short URL: ia.cr/2008/152