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Paper 2021/1147

Clockwork Finance: Automated Analysis of Economic Security in Smart Contracts

Kushal Babel and Philip Daian and Mahimna Kelkar and Ari Juels

Abstract

We introduce the Clockwork Finance Framework (CFF), a general purpose, formal verification framework for mechanized reasoning about the economic security properties of composed decentralized-finance (DeFi) smart contracts. CFF features three key properties. It is contract complete, meaning that it can model any smart contract platform and all its contracts---Turing complete or otherwise. It does so with asymptotically optimal model size. It is also attack-exhaustive by construction, meaning that it can automatically and mechanically extract all possible economic attacks on users' cryptocurrency across modeled contracts. Thanks to these properties, CFF can support multiple goals: economic security analysis of contracts by developers, analysis of DeFi trading risks by users, and optimization of arbitrage opportunities by bots or miners. Because CFF offers composability, it can support these goals with reasoning over any desired set of potentially interacting smart contract models. We instantiate CFF as an executable model for Ethereum contracts that incorporates a state-of-the-art deductive verifier. Building on previous work, we introduce extractable value (EV), a new formal notion of economic security in composed DeFi contracts that is both a basis for CFF analyses and of general interest. We construct modular, human-readable, composable CFF models of four popular, deployed DeFi protocols in Ethereum: Uniswap, Uniswap V2, Sushiswap, and MakerDAO, representing a combined 17 billion USD in value as of August 2021. We uses these models to show experimentally that CFF is practical and can drive useful, data-based EV-based insights from real world transaction activity. Without any explicitly programmed attack strategies, CFF uncovers on average an expected $56 million of EV per month in the recent past.

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Available format(s)
PDF
Category
Applications
Publication info
Preprint. MINOR revision.
Keywords
DeFi securitysmart contractscomposability
Contact author(s)
babel @ cs cornell edu,phil @ cs cornell edu,mahimna @ cs cornell edu
History
2023-05-18: last of 2 revisions
2021-09-10: received
See all versions
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2021/1147
License
Creative Commons Attribution
CC BY
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