Paper 2020/414

Semi-Quantum Money

Roy Radian and Or Sattath

Abstract

Quantum money allows a bank to mint quantum money states that can later be verified and cannot be forged. Usually, this requires a quantum communication infrastructure to transfer quantum states between the user and the bank. This work combines the notion of classical verification -- introduced by Gavinsky (CCC 2012) -- with the notion of user-generated money -- introduced here -- to introduce Semi-Quantum Money, the first quantum money scheme to require only classical communication with the (entirely classical) bank. This work features constructions for both a public memory-dependent semi-quantum money scheme, based on the works of Zhandry and Coladangelo, and for a private memoryless semi-quantum money scheme, based on the notion of Noisy Trapdoor Claw Free Functions (NTCF) introduced by Brakerski et al. (FOCS 2018). In terms of technique, our main contribution is a strong parallel repetition theorem for NTCF.