In many applications, however, an adversary may obtain auxiliary information that is related to the plaintext. Specifically, when deterministic encryption is used as a building block of a larger system, it is rather likely that plaintexts do not have high min-entropy from the adversary's point of view. In such cases, the framework of Bellare et al. might fall short from providing robust security guarantees.
We formalize a framework for studying the security of deterministic public-key encryption schemes with respect to auxiliary inputs. Given the trivial requirement that the plaintext should not be efficiently recoverable from the auxiliary input, we focus on hard-to-invert auxiliary inputs. Within this framework, we propose two schemes: the first is based on the $d$-linear assumption for any $d \ge 1$ (including, in particular, the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption), and the second is based on a rather general class of subgroup indistinguishability assumptions (including, in particular, the quadratic residuosity assumption and Paillier's composite residuosity assumption). Our schemes are secure with respect to any auxiliary input that is subexponentially hard to invert (assuming the standard hardness of the underlying computational assumptions). In addition, our first scheme is secure even in the multi-user setting where related plaintexts may be encrypted under multiple public keys. Constructing a scheme that is secure in the multi-user setting (even without considering auxiliary inputs) was identified by Bellare et al. as an important open problem.
Category / Keywords: public-key cryptography / deterministic encryption, auxiliary inputs, composable security Publication Info: CRYPTO 2011 Date: received 1 May 2011, last revised 29 Nov 2012 Contact author: segev at stanford edu Available format(s): PDF | BibTeX Citation Version: 20121129:164705 (All versions of this report) Short URL: ia.cr/2011/209 Discussion forum: Show discussion | Start new discussion